Organisation Totally Explained

Everything about Organisation totally explained

An organisation (or organization — see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, which controls its own performance, and which has a boundary separating it from its environment. The word itself is derived from the Greek word ὄργανον (organon) meaning tool. The term is used in both daily and scientific English in multiple ways.
In the social sciences, organisations are studied by researchers from several disciplines. Most commonly in sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management, and organisational communication. The broad area is commonly referred to as organisational studies, organisational behaviour or organisation analysis. Therefore, a number of different theories and perspectives exist, some of which are compatible, and others that are competing.

Organisation – process-related: an entity is being (re-)organised (organisation as task or action).
Organisation – functional: organisation as a function of how entities like businesses or state authorities are used (organisation as a permanent structure).
Organisation – institutional: an entity is an organisation (organisation as an actual purposeful structure within a social context)

Organisation in sociology

In sociology "organisation" is understood as planned, coordinated and purposeful action of human beings to construct or compile a common tangible or intangible product. This action is usually framed by formal membership and form (institutional rules). Sociology distinguishes the term organisation into planned formal and unplanned informal (for example spontaneously formed) organisations. Sociology analyses organisations in the first line from an institutional perspective. In this sense, organisation is a permanent arrangement of elements. These elements and their actions are determined by rules so that a certain task can be fulfilled through a system of coordinated division of labour.
An organisation is defined by the elements that are part of it (who belongs to the organisation and who does not?), its communication (which elements communicate and how do they communicate?), its autonomy (Max Weber termed autonomy in this context: Autokephalie)(which changes are executed autonomously by the organisation or its elements?) and its rules of action compared to outside events (what causes an organisation to act as a collective actor?).
By coordinated and planned cooperation of the elements, the organisation is able to solve tasks that lie beyond the abilities of the single elements. The price paid by the elements is the limitation of the degrees of freedom of the elements. Advantages of organisations are enhancement (more of the same), addition (combination of different features), and extension. Disadvantages can be inertness (through co-ordination) and loss of interaction.

Organisations in virtual worlds

In a virtual World (such as Second Life) "organisation[s]" is understood as planned, coordinated and purposeful action of human beings and computer AIs in order to construct and/or compile a common intangible product or service to its community. Just as "an organisation in sociology" this action is usually framed by formal membership and form (institutional rules). As in Second Life an organisation is usually used for making money (for example Power Products inc. - or like in World Of Warcraft: the clan Farmers Organisation-) and security, some are also wicked and evil organisations- usually called griefer/troller groups/organisations such as the Pirates of Tibia

that roams Tibia. Many fail to realise that Wikipedia is a wiki, and thus subject to the review and editing of others, and also that that'll be aware of any slander put upon them in this medium. These wouldn't be classified as organisations in the "real world" because they're not truly "alive". Some organisations in Virtual Worlds have a very important roles in Real Life activities.
Some of these "clans" exist between virtual worlds, sometimes migrating between them, as newer versions of software come out, or games better suited to the system of clans. Some games, such as the aforementioned World of Warcraft and Dungeon Siege have extensive clan systems, consisting of hundreds of members. This gives rise to entire "mini societies", where you can buy and sell equipment, using real world or virtual money. This is a good example of how societies can form.

Organisation in management and organisational studies

Management is interested in organisation mainly from an instrumental point of view. For a company organisation is a means to an end to achieve its goals.

Organisation theories

Among the theories that are or have been most influential are:

Weberian organisation theory (refer to Max Weber's chapter on Bureaucracy in his book 'Economy and Society')

Marxist organisation analysis

Scientific management (mainly following Frederick W. Taylor)

Human Relations Studies (going back to the Hawthorne studies, Maslow and Hertzberg)

Administrative theories (with work by for example Henri Fayol and Chester Barnard)

Contingency theory

New institutionalism and new institutional economics

Network analysis

Economic sociology

Organization ecology (or demography of organisations)

Transaction cost economics

Agency theory (sometimes called principal - agent theory)

Studies of organisation culture

Postmodern organisation studies

Labour Process Theory

Critical Management Studies

Complexity Theory and Organisations

Transaction cost theory/Transaction cost Economics (TCE)

Garbage can model

Actor-Network Theory and the 'Montreal School'

Organisational structures

The study of organisations includes a focus on optimizing organisational structure. According to management science, most human organisations fall roughly into four types:

Pyramids or hierarchies

Committees or juries

Matrix organisations

Ecologies

Pyramids or hierarchies

A hierarchy exemplifies an arrangement with a leader who leads leaders. This arrangement is often associated with bureaucracy. Hierarchies were satirized in The Peter Principle (1969), a book that introduced hierarchiology and the saying that "in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence".
An extremely rigid, in terms of responsibilities, type of organisation is exemplified by Führerprinzip.

Committees or juries

These consist of a group of peers who decide as a group, perhaps by voting. The difference between a jury and a committee is that the members of the committee are usually assigned to perform or lead further actions after the group comes to a decision, whereas members of a jury come to a decision. In common law countries legal juries render decisions of guilt, liability and quantify damages; juries are also used in athletic contests, book awards and similar activities. Sometimes a selection committee functions like a jury. In the Middle Ages juries in continental Europe were used to determine the law according to consensus amongst local notables.
Committees are often the most reliable way to make decisions. Condorcet's jury theorem proved that if the average member votes better than a roll of dice, then adding more members increases the number of majorities that can come to a correct vote (however correctness is defined). The problem is that if the average member is worse than a roll of dice, the committee's decisions grow worse, not better: Staffing is crucial. Parliamentary procedure, such as Robert's Rules of Order, helps prevent committees from engaging in lengthy discussions without reaching decisions.

Staff organisation or cross-functional team

A staff helps an expert get all his work done. To this end, a "chief of staff" decides whether an assignment is routine or not. If it's routine, he assigns it to a staff member, who is a sort of junior expert. The chief of staff schedules the routine problems, and checks that they're completed.
If a problem isn't routine, the chief of staff notices. He passes it to the expert, who solves the problem, and educates the staff – converting the problem into a routine problem.
In a "cross functional team", like an executive committee, the boss has to be a non-expert, because so many kinds of expertise are required.

Organisation: Cyclical structure

A theory by put forth by renowned scholar Stephen John has asserted that throughout the cyclical nature of one’s life organisational patterns are key to success. Through various social and political constraints within society one must realize that organisational skills are paramount to success. Stephen John suggests that emphasis needs to be put on areas such as individual/ group processes, functionality, and overall structures of institutions in order to maintain a proper organisation. Furthermore, the individuals overall organisational skills are pre-determined by the processes undertaken.

Matrix organisation

This organisational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is "functional" and assures that each type of expert in the organisation is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is "executive" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by regions, customer types, or some other schema. matrix management
Ecologies
This organisation has intense competition. Bad parts of the organisation starve. Good ones get more work. Everybody is paid for what they actually do, and runs a tiny business that has to show a profit, or they're fired.
   Companies who utilize this organisation type reflect a rather one-sided view of what goes on in ecology. It is also the case that a natural ecosystem has a natural border - ecoregions don't in general compete with one another in any way, but are very autonomous.
   The pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline talks about functioning as this type of organisation in this external article from The Guardian.
"Chaordic" organisations
The chaordic model of organising human endeavours emerged in the 1990s, based on a blending of chaos and order (hence "chaordic"), comes out of the work of Dee Hock and the creation of the VISA financial network. Blending democracy, complex system, consensus decision making, co-operation and competition, the chaordic approach attempts to encourage organisations to evolve from the increasingly nonviable hierarchical, command-and-control models.
   Similarly, emergent organisations, and the principle of self-organisation. See also group entity for an anarchist perspective on human organisations.
   Organisations that are legal entities: government, international organisation, non-governmental organisation, armed forces, corporation, partnership, charity, not-for-profit corporation, cooperative, university.

Further Information
Get more info on 'Organisation'.

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